What is a ritornello?

A ritornello is a recurring musical passage or theme that appears throughout a piece of music, typically in baroque instrumental music. The ritornello serves as a unifying element in the composition, providing structural cohesion and a sense of continuity.

In baroque concertos, the ritornello is a distinctive feature of the form, where it alternates with solo passages performed by one or more soloists. The ritornello is usually played by the full ensemble and serves as the main theme of the concerto, while the solo sections showcase the virtuosity and musicality of the soloists.

Ritornellos can vary in length and complexity, but they often feature a recurring melodic motif or harmonic progression that helps to anchor the listener's attention and provide a sense of familiarity throughout the music. In some cases, the ritornello may be played in its entirety at the beginning and end of a piece, with variations and developments occurring in between.

Overall, the ritornello is an important element in baroque music that helps to structure and organize compositions, providing a framework for both performers and listeners to follow.